NEET 2027 Complete Syllabus & Tests

Characteristics of Living Organisms and Biodiversity • Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomic Categories (Species to Kingdom) • Taxonomical Aids (Herbarium, Botanical Gardens, Museums, Keys)

Five Kingdom Classification (Whittaker System Overview) • Kingdom Monera (Eubacteria, Archaebacteria) and Kingdom Protista (Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Protozoa) • Kingdom Fungi (Phyco-, Asco-, Basidio-, Deuteromycetes), Viruses, Viroids and Lichens

Algae (Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae) • Bryophytes (Liverworts and Mosses) and Pteridophytes (Lycopsida, Pteropsida) • Gymnosperms, Angiosperms Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations

Basis of Classification (Symmetry, Coelom, Segmentation, Notochord) • Non-Chordates: Porifera to Echinodermata & Hemichordata Characteristics • Chordates: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Vertebrata (Cyclostomes, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia)

Root, Stem and Leaf Modifications and Functions • Inflorescence Types and Flower Structure (Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium) • Fruit Types, Seed Structure and Diagnostic Floral Formula of Families (Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae)

Meristematic and Permanent Tissues (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem) • Tissue Systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular Tissue Systems • Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Root, Stem, Leaf & Secondary Growth

Epithelial Tissues: Simple, Stratified and Cell Junctions • Connective Tissues: Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood & Adipose • Morphology and Anatomy of Frog (Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Excretory)

Cell Theory and Comparison of Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cell Structure • Endomembrane System: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes and Vacuoles • Mitochondria, Plastids (Chloroplasts), Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton and Nucleus

Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Chemical Constituents of Living Cells • Structure and Function of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids • Enzymes: Mechanism of Action, Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity & Classification

Phases of Cell Cycle (G1, S, G2 and M phase) • Mitosis: Stages (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis) and Significance • Meiosis: Meiosis I (Prophase I Stages), Meiosis II and Genetic Recombination

Photosynthetic Pigments and Light Reaction (Photosystems I & II, Z-Scheme) • Photophosphorylation (Cyclic & Non-Cyclic) and Chemiosmotic Hypothesis • Dark Reactions: Calvin Cycle (C3 Pathway), C4 Pathway (Hatch-Slack), Photorespiration & Factors

Glycolysis (EMP Pathway) and Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) • Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle) and Link Reaction • Electron Transport Chain (ETS), Oxidative Phosphorylation & Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Growth Phases, Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation • Plant Growth Regulators: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid (ABA) • Photoperiodism and Vernalization Mechanisms

Human Respiratory System Anatomy and Mechanism of Breathing • Respiratory Volumes and Capacities (TV, IRV, ERV, RV, VC, TLC) • Gas Exchange at Alveolar and Tissue Level, Transport of O2 & CO2 and Regulation

Blood Composition, Formed Elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets) and Blood Groups (ABO, Rh) • Human Heart Anatomy, Cardiac Cycle, Heart Sounds and Electrocardiogram (ECG) • Double Circulation, Blood Vessels and Disorders (Hypertension, CAD, Angina, Heart Failure)

Modes of Excretion (Ammonotelism, Ureotelism, Uricotelism) and Nephron Anatomy • Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion • Counter-Current Mechanism and Hormonal Regulation of Kidney Function (RAAS, ADH, ANF)

Types of Movement (Amoeboid, Ciliary, Muscular) and Skeletal Muscle Structure • Mechanism of Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory) • Human Skeletal System (Axial & Appendicular Skeleton) and Joint Types

Neuron Structure, Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse & Synaptic Transmission • Central Nervous System: Brain (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain) and Spinal Cord • Reflex Arc and Reflex Action Mechanism

Endocrine Glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads • Hormone Functions, Feedback Control and Hyper/Hyposecretion Disorders • Mechanism of Hormone Action (Peptide Hormones vs Lipid-Soluble Steroid Hormones)

Flower Anatomy, Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis • Pollination (Autogamy, Geitonogamy, Xenogamy), Agents & Outbreeding Devices • Pollen-Pistil Interaction, Double Fertilization, Endosperm and Embryo Development

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Anatomy and Histology • Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis and Hormonal Regulation • Menstrual Cycle Phases, Fertilization, Blastocyst Implantation, Pregnancy & Parturition

Population Explosion, Birth Control Methods (Natural, Barrier, IUD, Oral, Surgical) • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) • Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART: IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI)

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance (Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses), Incomplete Dominance & Co-dominance • Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage, Crossing Over and Morgan's Experiments • Sex Determination Mechanisms, Pedigree Analysis & Genetic Disorders (Mendelian and Chromosomal)

Structure and Packaging of DNA, Experiments Proving DNA as Genetic Material (Griffith, Hershey-Chase) • DNA Replication (Semi-Conservative, Meselson-Stahl), Transcription and RNA Types • Genetic Code, Translation, Lac Operon Regulation, Human Genome Project & DNA Fingerprinting

Origin of Life (Miller-Urey Experiment) and Theories of Biological Evolution • Evidences for Evolution (Homologous vs Analogous Organs, Paleontological) • Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection, Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Human Evolution Stages

Pathogens Causing Human Diseases (Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common Cold, Malaria, Amoebiasis, Ringworm) • Immunity Types (Innate vs Acquired, Humoral vs Cell-Mediated), Vaccines and Allergies • Structure and Lifecycle of HIV/AIDS, Cancer Etiology and Drugs/Alcohol Abuse

Microbes in Household Food Processing (Curd, Bread, Cheese) and Industrial Fermentation • Microbes in Sewage Treatment Plants (Primary & Secondary Treatment) and Biogas Production • Microbes as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria)

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology: Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Ligase, Polymerase • Cloning Vectors: Characteristics, pBR322 Plasmid Features & Competent Host Preparation • Recombinant DNA Processes, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Bioreactors & Downstream Processing

Applications in Agriculture: Bt Cotton, Pest-Resistant Plants and RNA Interference (RNAi) • Applications in Medicine: Genetically Engineered Human Insulin, Gene Therapy & Molecular Diagnostics (ELISA, PCR) • Transgenic Animals and Ethical Issues (Biopiracy and GEAC Regulations)

Organism and Environment: Abiotic Factors (Temperature, Water, Light, Soil) and Adaptations • Population Attributes: Natality, Mortality, Age Pyramids and Sex Ratio • Population Growth Models (Exponential vs Logistic) and Population Interactions (Predation, Competition, Parasitism, Mutualism)

Ecosystem Structure, Function and Productivity (Primary vs Secondary) • Decomposition Process and Energy Flow (10% Law, Food Chains & Webs) • Ecological Pyramids (Pyramid of Number, Biomass and Energy)

Biodiversity Levels (Genetic, Species, Ecological) and Patterns of Biodiversity (Latitudinal Gradients) • Loss of Biodiversity: Causes (The Evil Quartet - Habitat Loss, Over-Exploitation, Alien Species, Co-Extinction) • Biodiversity Conservation Strategies: In-situ (National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves) vs Ex-situ (Zoological Parks, Cryopreservation)